Introduction Lithium-ion batteries have emerged as the dominant energy storage solution in today’s technology-driven world. From smartphones and laptops to electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy systems, these batteries play a critical role in enabling portability, performance, and sustainability. Their high energy density, long cycle life, and improving safety profiles make them...

Smartphones: Empowering Communication, Connectivity, and Convenience Smartphones have become one of the most transformative technologies of the 21st century, fundamentally changing how people communicate, work, and engage with the world. These compact yet powerful devices combine the functions of a telephone, computer, camera, and multimedia hub—all in one. Today’s smartphones are...

Introduction Smartphones have transformed from simple communication tools into powerful handheld computers that influence every aspect of modern life—communication, entertainment, business, and even healthcare. With advancements in AI, camera technology, 5G connectivity, and user interface design, smartphones continue to shape the digital world and how people interact with it. What is a...